What's in the hood of a Lada Kalina

What's under the hood of a car for dummies?

There are a lot of motorists in our country.
There are only a few car mechanics among them. Therefore, it is not surprising that many novice drivers have a very vague idea of what is under the hood of a car. However, basic knowledge about the main parts of the machine is still necessary, at least in order to be able to guess what exactly could have failed in the event of a breakdown. There are a lot of “internals” in the engine compartment, but not so many that listing all the details could cause any difficulties. Below is a list of all the parts and components found under the hood of a car, with a brief description of their functions.

1. The engine (aka motor) is the “heart” of the car, without which movement is simply impossible. The engine generates mechanical energy from another type of energy (usually combustion energy) and is located in the middle of the engine compartment.

2. Radiator – necessary for.

So, it all started with my purchase of a car (the choice fell on the VAZ 2107). And as you know, purchasing a car obliges the owner (to begin with) to understand at least a little about its maintenance and, accordingly, repairs. But for me (a novice car enthusiast) everything that was under the hood was a huge secret. Of course, experience is gained over the years, and since I didn’t have the latter (and I knew very little, practically nothing about the “insides” of the car), little by little I began to understand the design features of my Zhiguli. Therefore, so that to my colleagues (novice car enthusiasts) the engine compartment and everything in it does not seem too “dark”, in this article I will tell you what is where and what is responsible for what.

1. Battery – Designed to power electrical equipment when the engine is not running or at low engine speeds. With the engine running.

Many people in our country have cars. But not everyone studied to become a car mechanic, and there is often a situation when a person buys a car without understanding what parts it consists of and what functions these parts perform. Of course, when the car is in good condition and drives well, questions about what drives the car and how it works while driving are of little interest. But when something breaks, then you already need knowledge of the car’s warehouse, at least in order to know what could have broken down. Therefore, everyone needs to know at least the approximate storage of the car. This article will look at what's under the hood.

So, let's list all the parts under the hood of the car. These parts include the engine, radiator, battery, air filter, distributor, fuel pump, expansion tank, windshield washer reservoir, brake fluid and clutch fluid reservoirs, relay and mounting block.

Engine location

Today almost everyone drives a car, but not everyone is familiar with the structure of the car. If you want to know how your car works, then you have definitely visited the right site. From this article you can glean enough information to know in general terms what components and assemblies your machine consists of. Currently, there are a huge number of brands and models of cars, but almost all passenger cars are designed the same.

Car device diagram

A passenger car consists of the following parts:

body (supporting structure); chassis; transmission; internal combustion engine (gasoline or diesel); engine control system and electrical equipment.

At first glance, everything is simple, but this is only the general structure of the car. For each of the above points, you can write not just an article, but an entire book. But we won't go that deep.

The world's first car with a gasoline engine was patented back in 1885 by the brilliant German engineer Karl Benz. Amazingly, even today the car consists of the same main parts as a hundred years ago - the body, chassis and engine. Let's take a closer look at what a car consists of.

The internal combustion engine (ICE) is the most common type of engine currently installed in cars. Despite the fact that a modern internal combustion engine consists of thousands of parts, its operating principle is very simple. Let's take a closer look at the internal combustion engine device.

The injector is the most popular electronic-mechanical unit in the automotive industry. The design and operating principle of the injector are both simple and complex. Of course, the average car owner does not need to delve into the details of the design of injection systems and their software.

Just as a car will not move without wheels, so without an engine it will not move, unless, of course, you harness a horse in front or push it from behind. In other words, the heart of every car can be safely called what is under its hood - the internal combustion engine. Yes, recently completely different types of motors have appeared, for example, electric ones, but this does not change the essence of the matter. The motor still remains the driving force of every car and will remain so until humanity begins to move something with the power of thought and simply teleport.

Location and components

Due to the fact that people have not yet learned to move in space by sheer force of will, all of humanity continues to actively use fuel engines, the design of which is generally identical and is also located approximately the same - for most cars in the front, and for some in the back, or below .

A complex and intricate assembly of a car engine.

But for me (a novice car enthusiast) everything that was under the hood was a huge secret. Of course, experience is gained over the years, and since I didn’t have the latter (and I knew very little, practically nothing about the “insides” of the car), however, basic knowledge about the main parts of the car is still necessary, at least for that. There are a lot of “internals” in the engine compartment , however, not so many of all the parts and components located under the hood of the car, with a brief description of their functions. What's under the hood of a car? So, it all started with my purchase of a car (the choice fell on the VAZ 2107). Of course, experience is gained over the years, and since I didn’t have the latter (and I knew very little, practically nothing about the “insides” of the car), little by little I becameIn this section, you will learn the structure and principle of operation of the car, and tips on repairing and maintaining the car are given. The site materials are divided into groups that make up a separate mechanism.

And now on questions of explanation and thoughts.

1 – frog – meant the light switch Z.H. I didn’t call him that, they called him that name in front of me. But that's not the point. The point is that I don’t seem to have any “chips” on the box, no connectors or holes for any sensors. That's why I asked where to look. I'll take a look one of these days.

2 – breather – it’s clear, what it’s for is also clear. was covered with some kind of loosely dangling cap, which was safely lost. The trouble was that oil was constantly leaking from there, and about once every 2 months it was necessary to add 200-300 g of oil. maybe put some kind of hose in there and some kind of tank on top, like an expansion tank, only 100 ml, or even less.

3 – the relay seems to be standard, looks like an oval.

Now let’s climb a little deeper and see what’s under the hood of our car (here we climbed under the hood of a VAZ 21093 car):

2. Washer reservoir (window cleaning fluid)

3. Air filter (filters the air before it mixes with gasoline and provides energy to the engine)

4. Fuel pump (actually pumps gasoline)

5. Vacuum brake booster (it seems to help with braking)

5.5 Brake fluid reservoir

6. Brake master cylinder (we'll look at it in more detail a little later)

7. Expansion tank (for coolant)

8. Battery (own energy generation for all electrics)

9. ignition distributor (we’ll look at the topic “ignition system”

How do rats appear?

Where do rats in the car come from? These rodents are very nimble and mobile, so they can easily penetrate any of the most inaccessible places, including under the hood of a car. Most often they appear there in winter, since at this time of year it is cold outside, and the engine, which has not had time to cool down after a trip, heats up perfectly. And you can also hide from cats under the hood.

Rodents can take a liking to any car, even the most expensive and presentable one. They appear especially often in cars left in parking lots, located near garages, garbage cans, basements or warehouses, in general, near those places where there is food and, therefore, can.

location of the main components and assemblies on a VAZ 2108, VAZ 2109, VAZ 21099 car

Engine compartment of a car with a carburetor 1 – front suspension strut cup; 2 – washer reservoir; 3 – air filter housing; 4 – fuel pump; 5 – steering mechanism; 6 – distributor sensor; 7 – vacuum brake booster; 8 – brake cylinder with reservoir; 9 – ignition system switch; 10 – fuse block; 11 – expansion tank; 12 – battery; 13 – hood stop; 14 – ignition coil; 15-starter; 16 – high-voltage wires; 17 – oil filler neck; 18-engine; 19 – spark plug; 20 – washer pumps

Engine compartment of a car with a fuel injection system 1 – front suspension strut cup; 2 – camshaft drive belt cover; 3 – ramp with nozzles; 4 – oil filler neck; 5 – windshield wiper drive motor; 6 – vacuum brake booster; 7 – tank.

The first production car was built at the beginning of the 20th century. The first car was assembled in 1908. It was a Ford Model T. The car was produced until 1928 and became a legend.

The brilliant manager and mechanic Henry Ford always said: “A car can be any color as long as it is black.” He placed the main emphasis on the versatility of the car, completely rejecting individuality. This is what destroyed him.

Despite the versatility of the Ford Model T and its simple but reliable functionality, in the 20s it had a competitor in the form of General Motors cars. This company offered each buyer a unique car with an unusual internal structure.

In those days there were only manual gearboxes and weak engines. Car speeds rarely exceeded 50 miles per hour. Now everything has changed. Modern cars are masterpieces of engineering, the insides of which are filled with the most advanced electronics and highly complex control systems.

Technical parameters have long gone beyond the scope of science fiction. Now acceleration to 100 kilometers in 4 seconds is a reality that will not surprise anyone. At the same time, there are hundreds of companies on the market that sell a wide variety of cars. Nevertheless, despite all this diversity, the general design of their cars is very similar.

Story

AvtoVAZ began developing the car back in 1993. However, the first copy appeared only in 1998. At that time it was a nice and inexpensive budget car. However, its serial production began in 2004. It was then that the first generation Lada Kalina was born. The car was produced in several bodies:

Sedan.
Five-door hatchback.
Station wagon.
Three-door hatchback.

At that time it was one of the cheapest and highest quality domestically produced cars.

Design

By today's standards, the design of this car is significantly outdated. It's a pretty boring and simple car. Externally, Kalina resembles a foreign car from the 90s. The first generation of Kalina was produced until 2013. The front part, however, like the rest of the body elements, is not endowed with refined shapes and rapid appearance. The car has the most ordinary headlights and bumper. There were no fog lights in the basic and mid-range trims. Instead there were plugs. Motorists noted the disproportionate silhouette of the first Kalina.

Large doorways, a flat, shapeless roof and a flattened stern - the model’s exterior was clearly not its main asset. The car looked more attractive in a hatchback body. This Kalina vaguely resembled the third generation Volkswagen Golf. The car has average dimensions for a B-class. So, the length is 404 centimeters, width – 170, height – 150. Ground clearance – 16 centimeters. Thanks to short overhangs, the car can confidently overcome dirt roads and uneven roads. The curb weight of the car is 1080 kilograms.

What does a car consist of?

Of course, the structure of a modern machine includes many different components and parts, but even among them the main ones can be identified:

transmission,
body,
chassis,
engine,
control systems,
electrical equipment.

Each of these elements plays an important role that is difficult to overestimate. To understand how important the correct operation of each part is, let’s look at them in more detail.

Body

The body is the supporting part of the car. It is to it that all components and assemblies are attached. Nowadays, automobile manufacturers are trying to do everything possible to select the most durable and lightest composite resin that will serve as the basis of the product.

The fact is, ordinary metal weighs quite a lot. Increasing weight negatively affects dynamics, top speed and acceleration, and driving a heavy car is very difficult. As a result, non-standard approaches to creating bodies are now increasingly being used. For example, hydrocarbon fiber is used in construction.

Perhaps the most striking car where this technology was used was the Lykan Hypersport. You might have seen this car in the movie "Fast and Furious 7". The use of carbon fiber to create the body made it possible to greatly lighten the car, significantly increasing all its characteristics. By the way, the cost of the car is more than three million.

In fact, the body is the frame that holds the entire structure of the car together. At the same time, it must have sufficient rigidity to withstand truly heavy loads. At speeds of more than 200 kilometers per hour, the driver’s life depends on its strength.

The body used in the construction of the car must not only be light and durable, but also have the correct aerodynamic shape. Speed and control depend on how effectively the machine body cuts air flows.

Traditionally, the body, which is part of the vehicle structure, can be divided into the following elements:

spars,
roof,
brakes,
hanging parts,
engine compartment,
bottom.

In order to achieve greater rigidity, reinforcing elements are welded to the underbody structure of the car. They provide increased strength and greater safety of the entire structure.

Each of these elements is connected to each other. So the spars are one solid structure together with the bottom. In some cases they are welded to it. The main task of these parts in a car is to create support for the suspension.

If we talk about attached parts, then the wings immediately come to mind. You also can’t ignore the trunk, doors and hood. They are attached parts, but are very closely connected to the car body.

Such nuances need to be taken into account if you want to tune your iron horse. Moreover, it is to the mounted body parts that the modding parts are attached. Suffice it to recall the same spoiler. Even neon inserts are mounted around the perimeter of the bottom.

Tuning the body gives the greatest visual effect. In addition, additional elements, such as a low-slung bumper, can provide the design with much better aerodynamic qualities.

You can't go anywhere without a chassis

The chassis of a car plays the role of a foundation. It is thanks to this that the car can move. For example, wheels, suspension and axles are all its elements. Without them, the movement itself would be impossible.

The system can have both front independent suspension and rear dependent suspension. Nowadays, most cars use the first option, as it gives the best controllability of the vehicle.

The main difference between independent suspension is that each wheel is mounted separately. Moreover, in the structure of the car, all wheels have their own fastening systems.

Dependent suspension is considered a kind of archaism in automotive circles. Nevertheless, some companies still use it in order to save money and simplify the design of the car as much as possible. Nevertheless, it ensures high reliability of the design. Moreover, the tricks of some manufacturers make it possible to achieve truly outstanding results using this outdated technology.

I would like to remember the same German concern BMW. This company has been producing cars for many years that feature rear dependent suspension.

Nevertheless, rear-wheel drive cars of the German brand are famous all over the world. Moreover, many drivers buy these cars with a rear suspension device precisely because of the pleasure that the driver receives while sitting behind the wheel of this monster.

Typically the rear suspension is a live axle. In some cases, machine builders install a rigid beam, and this is quite enough to ensure optimal structural strength.

Brakes

If the previous part contained the car itself and its entire structure, then the role of the braking system is completely different. Reliable brakes can prevent many accidents and save millions of lives.

Many automotive experts do not consider it necessary to highlight this element in the car. They just consider it part of the chassis. However, this is fundamentally wrong. After all, the importance of brakes in modern heavy traffic is difficult to overestimate.

Nowadays, three elements of the brake structure are most often distinguished:

Working - allows you to control the speed. This subsystem is responsible for gradually reducing speed until the vehicle comes to a complete stop.
Spare - it is needed when the main system in the car fails. Usually it is made completely autonomous.
The parking brake is a handbrake that holds the car in one place while you are away.

Modern brake systems use many additional devices that provide better brake performance. Of particular importance are a variety of amplifiers and anti-lock braking systems. These elements make it possible not only to increase the efficiency of the system several times, but also to increase its comfort for the driver.

Transmission

This device transmits torque from the shaft to the wheels. The structure consists of the following elements:

clutch,
hinges,
gearboxes,
drive axle.

Thanks to the clutch, designers in the car establish a connection between the engine shafts and the gearbox. In turn, the gearbox greatly reduces the load on the engine, increasing its service life and ensuring the most efficient fuel consumption.

It is worth recognizing that in recent years many options for gearbox design have been invented. The first was a manual transmission. It was invented at the beginning of the twentieth century. The first car on which it was installed was the same legendary American model - T.

About 40 years have passed since then, and in the 50s the automatic transmission was invented. Now it is not the driver who decides when to engage a new gear, but the hydraulic system. The advantage of such a device is its simplicity and smooth switching.

Finally, the third round of evolution of the gearbox device is the robot. This box combines all the advantages of a manual and automatic transmission. The thing is that a smart program switches gears. It determines the required time to within a few tenths of a millisecond and carries out the transition. As a result, the driver receives enormous fuel savings.

Engine

Perhaps this is the most important part of the car - its heart. The speed and dynamics of the machine depend to the greatest extent on the power of this device. The essence of the operating principle of this part is extremely simple. The engine converts thermal energy into electrical energy by burning fuel.

Electrical equipment and control systems

The fact is that every year these complexes of car devices become more and more connected with each other. Smart systems manage wiring voltage, battery operation and power consumption. This approach turns cars into thinking devices that decide where the driver is best to park and monitor cars driving nearby.

Second generation Lada Kalina

The debut of the second generation Lada Kalina took place in August 2012. A year later, the car was put on the assembly line. It was decided to abandon the sedan body. At the moment, the car is available as a station wagon, as well as a five- and three-door hatchback. The car is built on the VAZ 2190 (Lada Granta) platform.

Updated design of Lada Kalina

From the second generation, Kalina began to look very modern and youthful. There are no boring or simple lines here. The car looks very aggressive and dynamic. The public appreciated the new product. At the front, the car received new optics, a different radiator grille and a massive bumper with a wide air intake. On the sides are fog lamp lenses, and above them are daytime running lights. The design of the side mirrors has also changed. The equipment also includes alloy wheels (although they are only available in the maximum configuration). They look very impressive. The car has not changed in size. The curb weight remained the same. However, restyling did Kalina good. This is confirmed by sales ratings. After a noticeable decline in 2013, the model began to gain popularity. As you can see, appearance plays an important role in the sales ranking.

Modernized interior

Compared to the first generation, the interior of the updated Kalina looks much more harmonious. There is a new steering wheel, beautiful door cards with a power window control unit. In the center of the panel there is a large multimedia display. However, it is available only in top trim levels. The “base” is still dominated by audio preparation with plastic plugs. The seats and mirrors are equipped with electric drive. The geometry of the air duct deflectors has changed. Climate control has appeared. There are two cup holders at the bottom.

Windshield cleaner and washer

The Lada Kalina windshield cleaning system includes:

Electric motor with gearbox;
Set of levers and brushes.

The diagram below shows:

Electric washer fluid reservoir pump;
Standard ignition switch;
Control unit for electric motor operating modes;
The windshield wiper motor itself;
Fuse and relay block;
Terminal “A” from the power supply.

For reference: To protect the engine from overloads, a bimetallic fuse is used, the price of which is much lower than the cost of repairs.

Washer kit includes:

Polyethylene tank with pump;
Injectors located on the hood of the car;
Set of flexible connecting hoses.

About prices

The official dealer offers to buy a car in several equipment options:

The starting price for the car is 415 thousand rubles. For this price, the buyer receives a car with a good level of equipment. There is an electric power steering, two front electric windows, an immobilizer, central locking and one front airbag.

The average “Norma” package is available at a price starting from 449 thousand rubles. This includes electric rear door windows, an alarm system, ABS and EBD systems, air conditioning, and heated seats.

The maximum “Lux” configuration includes climate control, a stability control system, 14-inch alloy wheels, fog lights and DRLs, heated mirrors, light and rain sensors, a heated windshield, as well as a full-fledged multimedia system with a 7-inch touch screen. There are also side airbags for the driver and front passenger. The cost of this configuration is from 567 thousand rubles. As an option, the manufacturer offers metallic body painting. You will have to pay an additional 6 thousand rubles for it. The color range is quite wide, but the Lime color is not here. It is present only on Lada Vesta.

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Since 2004, the LADA Kalina model has appeared in the production program of the Volzhsky Automobile Plant. The automaker consciously moved to develop a new platform, presenting its prototypes in various bodies - a hatchback in 1999, a sedan in 2000 and a station wagon in 2001.

But the Lada Kalina in the Sedan body was the first to go into production. The car received a front-engine power unit with front-wheel drive and, in fact, was a continuation of the VAZ 2108 concept. At the same time, Kalina's wiring was developed to meet new requirements.

For reference: The manufacturing plant introduced the name of the car brand in Latin spelling - LADA Kalina. Moreover, not only for the Western, but also for the Russian market. However, in the state registration authorities of the Russian Federation the name Lada Kalina appears in Cyrillic form.

Outdoor Lighting

The car is equipped with front three-section headlights:

Low beam;
High beam and side beam;
Direction indicators.

The headlights use single-filament low and high beam lamps. The direction indicator sections have transparent lenses, and the direction indicator lamps are orange.

Headlights corrector

The Kalina wiring diagram is additionally equipped with remote control elements. In particular, depending on the vehicle load, the direction of the headlight beam can be adjusted using an electromechanical headlight leveler.

Control knob located on the instrument panel;
Connecting wires;
Electric drives installed directly in the headlights.

For reference: Previously, a hydraulic corrector was installed on cars, but it was considered insufficiently reliable and was replaced with an electromechanical device. Today, Lada Priora and Kalina use the electromechanical corrector YUMGI.654114.033.

Fog lights

The electrical wiring of the Lada Kalina is prepared for connecting fog lights. Already in the basic version, the rear lights have double-filament lamps for side lights and fog lights.

The diagram roughly shows: