What is a relay: types, principle of operation and device

– one of the most common devices used to automate processes in electrical engineering. In fact, it is an automatic switch that connects or disconnects electrical circuits when the set values ​​are reached or under external influence. Relays are used in industry to automate technological processes, in household appliances that are found in every home, such as refrigerators and washing machines, to protect the network from too high or too low current parameters. Selecting the right device simplifies the classification of relays according to various criteria.

General description of the design

The concept of “relay” unites a whole family of devices of different designs. But in general, a relay consists of three main functional elements:

• Perceiver.
  This is the primary element that perceives the controlled quantity and converts it into another physical quantity.
• Intermediate.
  Compares the received value with the specified parameter. If this value is higher or lower than the specified parameter, then the primary effect is transmitted to the actuator.
• Executive.
  This element transmits the action to circuits controlled by relays. As a result of such an impact, the following may occur: opening or connecting the controlled circuit, switching current parameters.

The design and operating principle of the primary element depend on what purpose the relay has and what physical quantity (current, voltage, light, heat, etc.) it is set to.

Accidental activation of the engine lock function

If this problem occurs, the user must study all the indicators and symbols on the communicator screen. In practice, the main reason for the blocking to occur is the incorrect configuration or activation of certain options. It is also recommended to monitor the condition of the LED light, which displays the status of the anti-theft system. If the indicator is constantly flashing, this may indicate that the immobilizer option is working.

If, when the ignition is activated, the diode begins to blink frequently, and the icon with the inscription “immo” lights up on the key fob display, the problem can be solved in two ways:

1. Remove the key from the ignition and press the central locking deactivation button on the remote control. Then try to start the power unit again.
2. Leave the vehicle interior, turn the security mode on and off.

Main characteristics of the relay

Regardless of the type and principle of operation of the relay, there are several parameters that you pay attention to when choosing this device:

• Response time is the time interval between the arrival of the control signal and the effect on the controlled circuits.
• Switched power is the permissible power of the electrical circuit or electrical installation that the relay will control.
• The setpoint is usually an adjustable parameter that determines the value of the incoming parameter (current, voltage, frequency, pressure, temperature) at which the relay operates.

Types of relays: contact and non-contact

According to the design of the executive component, relays are divided into contact and non-contact.

Contact

They influence the controlled circuit using electrical contacts. Opening or closing them completely disconnects or closes the electrical circuit. The following materials are used to make contacts: copper, silver, tungsten. Number of contacts – up to 10 pieces. Four- and five-pin relays are used in automobile electrical circuits to switch and switch circuits.

Contactless

Such relays act on the controlled circuit by changing the electrical parameters of the output electrical circuits - capacitance, resistance, inductance, current or voltage.

Video about alarm dismantling

User Roman Timchenko in his video showed in detail the process of removing the anti-theft system from a vehicle and turning off the engine lock relay.

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Classification of relays by switching method

Primary

These devices are connected directly to the circuit of the element they are intended to protect. Their advantages are that instrument transformers, operating current sources, and control cables are not required.

Secondary

Connected to a circuit using secondary transformers. This is the most common type of relay. Their advantages are insulation from high voltage, the ability to locate the device in a place convenient for maintenance. Secondary relays are available as standard. They are designed for a current of 5 (1) A and a voltage of 100 V and can be installed in any electrical circuit, regardless of their current and voltage.

General requirements

The Starline alarm system is equipped with parameters that provide safe, comfortable conditions of use at an affordable price. Reliable operation of the Starline A91 alarm must be linked to the general requirements for its use, which are set out in the operating manual. The main ones include:

• Cars must be parked taking into account the range of the key fob;
• The vehicle's transmission must be considered;
• Safety measures are indicated when enabling autorun.

The instruction manual outlines the sequence of installation, configuration, and use of the security device (you can download the manual below).

A rich set of options makes Starline car alarms in demand in Russia and neighboring countries. The technical characteristics presented below make it convenient to use the Starline A91 alarm system.

• Car alarm radio signals are transmitted with frequencies 433.05 – 434.79 MHz;
• Designed for 128 control channels;
• The Starline A91 alarm key fob is triggered from distances in the following modes: transmission – 800 m; pager – 2,000 m; in case of using the remote control without feedback – 15 m;
• The Starline A91 car alarm operates at temperatures of -40 0 – +85 0 C;
• The maximum current value is – 200 mA – 25 A;
• The Starline alarm operates at a voltage from 9 to 18 V;
• Control panels are activated from power sources: 1.5 V – for a remote control with feedback; 3 V – with absence.

Types of relays by purpose

According to their purpose, these devices are of three types - control, protection, alarm.

Control relay

These relays are primary. Mounted directly into the electrical circuit. Their role is to turn on and off individual elements of the circuit. They can be used independently or as components of low-voltage complete devices - boxes, panels, cabinets.

Protection relay

Perform the functions of turning on, turning off and protecting devices with thermal contacts - electric motors, fans. When the temperature is exceeded, the thermal contacts open. The equipment can resume operation only after the thermal contacts have cooled to the set temperature.

Alarms

Such relays are installed in security systems of vehicles, enterprises, and local areas. They are used to generate a signal when a set value of a parameter that is under control is reached (current, voltage, frequency, pressure, temperature, acoustic parameters and others).

How to unblock

The blocking is disabled automatically along with the deactivation of the security mode. If turning off the protection does not allow you to deactivate the relay, you can resort to the emergency method. To do this, you will need the Valet service button, which is used to enter the emergency alarm control mode.

An example of unlocking is considered on the Starline A1 model:

1. The car door opens with a key. The alarm mode will go off and the car's external lights will start flashing.
2. The ignition is activated within twenty seconds. Also during this time, the car owner must “click” the emergency service button three times.
3. Then the ignition in the car is turned off. This will deactivate the security mode and block the engine.

If a personal password is used to control the protection, then the procedure for disabling the relay is performed as follows:

1. The car doors open and the alarm mode will go off. Within 20 seconds the user must turn on the ignition system.
2. The service mode button is used to enter the first character of the code. The number of presses must correspond to the password number.
3. The ignition system is turned off and on again.
4. The second digit of the password is entered in the same way using the service button.
5. The ignition is turned off. If the personal code is successfully entered, the vehicle security mode will be disabled. The car's external lighting devices will blink twice.

Types of electromechanical relays

The most common type of electrical relay is electromechanical. These include: electromagnetic, induction, electrothermal devices.

Electromagnetic

One type of electrical relay is electromagnetic. The design of this device includes: a winding with a steel core, a group of movable contacts that make and break a controlled electrical circuit. Let's consider the principle of their operation:

• A control current is supplied to the core coil.
• A magnetic field is created in the core under the influence of electric current, attracting the contact group.
• Depending on the type of relay, the contacts close or open the electrical circuit.

A variety of electromagnetic relays are polarized, which differ from neutral ones in their ability to respond to the polarity of the control signal. The opening or closing of the contacts depends on the polarity of the electromagnet connection. They have higher sensitivity compared to neutral relays. Such devices can only be used in DC circuits.

Electrothermal (thermal)

Thermal relays are a complex of bimetallic plates, for the manufacture of which metals with different expansion coefficients when heated are used. Such relays can be used as protective devices: when the temperature set by the regulator is exceeded, the contacts are disconnected and the flow of current to the consumer is stopped.

Typically, thermal relays are used in household single- and three-phase networks when connecting electric motors. When the load on the engine increases above a set value, the bimetallic relay heats up, which, when a certain temperature is reached, opens the electrical circuit. The engine stops running. After the bimetallic plates cool, the circuit closes and the engine resumes operation. Thermal devices can be equipped with a wheel that adjusts the engine shutdown temperature and a forced start button.

There is a type of thermal relay in which bimetallic plates are replaced with a low-melting alloy. They operate almost instantly - when a certain temperature is reached, the metal melts and the circuit opens. The principle of operation of such devices is similar to the principle of operation of fuses. After operation, such a relay, installed directly on the equipment as a last resort against burnout, must be replaced.

Induction

The operating principle of these devices is based on the interaction between alternating magnetic fluxes and currents that form alternating magnetic fluxes. Induction devices are designed for use in alternating current circuits only. There are three types of induction relays - with a frame, a disk, and a cylindrical rotor (“glass”). These devices are widely in demand in relay protection and automation systems.

Solid state bodies – should we use them?

To begin with, we will also consider the feasibility of using such relays. For example, a real case:

The simplest temperature controller, the accuracy of maintenance is not essential. Load – heating elements, work in water around the clock. More often than once a year, one of the heating elements shorts or shorts to the housing. There is a high probability that the TSR will burn out, since they are very sensitive to overloads.

Overloads and protection of solid-state relays will be discussed in detail below, but in this case it is advisable to use a conventional contactor, which copes well with overloads and costs 10 times less.

Therefore, it is not worth chasing fashion, but it is better to use sober calculation. Calculation by current and finance.

If it occurs to someone, you can use a bell button or a reed switch to start a 10 kW engine! But it’s not that simple, the details will be below.

Expert opinion

It-Technology, Electrical power and electronics specialist

Ask questions to the “Specialist for modernization of energy generation systems”

How does a relay work in a car? 4 contacts of a fuel pump, if the control input 30 is from the ignition switch or battery through a fuse, output 87 to the fuel pump 86 ground body 85 control from the UPD 03 ECU. Ask, I’m in touch!

Other types of electrical relays

Solid State

These electronic devices are compact and durable due to the absence of rubbing mechanical parts. The mechanical work here is performed by semiconductor elements - bipolar and MOS transistors, thyristors, triacs. Compared to solid-state ones, they have the following advantages:

• Low noise level during operation.
• Very high mean time between failures, which is 100 times or more greater than the service life of electromagnetic devices.
• The response speed is a fraction of a millisecond; for electromagnetic ones it is 50 ms - 1 s.
• Power consumption is 95% lower.

However, solid-state relays have not only advantages, but also disadvantages. One of them is poor resistance to surge voltages, which are practically not dangerous for electromagnetic relays. When using solid-state relays, it is necessary to provide a circuit design that limits these pulses. There are also disadvantages - heating during operation, the presence of leakage currents, leading to the presence of voltage on the phase wire even when the relay is turned off.

Solid-state relays are used in temperature control systems, in which heating elements are used as heaters, in industrial automation, telemetry, equipment mechanisms used in the metallurgical and chemical industries, in medical equipment, and military electronics.

Reed switches

This type of relay is a reed coil. This is a cylinder filled with an inert gas, or inside of which a vacuum has been created. Inside the cylinder there are connecting elements made of permalloy - a precision alloy (an alloy with a precisely specified chemical composition), including iron and nickel. These connecting elements are in the form of wire with contacts. They are coated with silver or gold plating. The reed switch is placed in the middle of an electric magnet or within the range of its field. When current is applied to the winding of an electromagnet, a magnetic flux is formed, which locks the contacts. Reed relays can perform the following functions: making, switching, breaking. The advantages of these devices are compact dimensions, affordable price, and the absence of rubbing parts, which extends their service life. The fact that the contact group is located in an inert gas or vacuum and is reliably protected from moisture increases the reliability of the relay.

When using reed relays the following should be avoided:

• the close presence of an ultrasound source, which will negatively affect performance;
• exposure to foreign magnetic fields;
• mechanical damage.

The flask is usually made of glass, so it must be protected in every possible way from mechanical influences. If the bulb is broken, the contact group will not operate. Reed relays can only be used in systems in which the power supply parameters are within the limits established in the technical documentation. If too high a current is applied, the contacts will open. Malfunctions in the operation of reed relays are also observed in cases where current is supplied at too low a frequency.

Photoelectronic (photo relay)

The basis of a photoelectronic relay is a semiconductor element - a photoresistor, the resistance of which varies depending on changes in illumination. Photo relay is a device widely used by public utilities. It is reliable in operation and provides significant energy savings and safety on the streets. When the illumination increases, all lighting equipment turns off, and when darkness falls, it turns on. Most of these devices are equipped with a threshold regulator and a mechanical switch.

How to choose a lock

Before purchasing a device, you must consider the following criteria and recommendations:

1. A type of blocking relay.
2. Dimensions of the main module housing. To ensure hidden installation, the dimensions of the device must be minimal.
3. Device placement. If the relay is installed inside the vehicle, then any mechanisms can be used. If it is necessary to install a part under the hood or under the bottom, it is recommended to use sealed locks.
4. Manufacturer. More popular brands in practice offer users high-quality relays with a long service life.
5. Technical features of the vehicle. The operation of the relay can be adjusted with currents of various magnitudes, so this point must be taken into account before purchasing. If the parameters do not match, this will damage the device.
6. The type of signals the relay operates with. Today, dialogue encoding of impulses is the most effective way of blocking.
7. Availability of additional features and capabilities. In particular, this means protection from noise and interference.

Video: choosing a relay for engine blocking

The “Your Own Electrician” channel in its video spoke in detail about normally closed and open relays, as well as the advisability of using them.

Types of relays by type of incoming parameter

According to this parameter, relays are divided into: current, power, frequency, voltage, pressure, acoustic values, amount of gas. Devices can be maximum and minimum. Relays that operate when a given value is exceeded are called “maximum”, and when it falls below a given level, they are called “minimum”.

Current relay

Current relays react to sudden changes in current and, if necessary, turn off an individual load or the entire power supply system. The maximum current value at which it is necessary to disconnect consumers is set by the regulator.

Voltage relay

Voltage relays react to voltage levels and are switched on via voltage transformers. Used to control voltage phases in electrical networks and protect electrical appliances. The basis of such a relay is a quick response controller that monitors voltage deviations outside the established limits. The generally accepted standard for operation of such relays is below 170 V and above 250 V.

Frequency relay

They are used to control the frequency of alternating current, which should be equal to 50 or 60 Hz in single- and three-phase networks. Usually have fixed response delays. The opening thresholds of the controlled circuit can be adjusted. The operating mode of this device may include the presence of a “memory” of an accident.

Power relay

The power limiting device operates similarly to a load current limiter. If the set power threshold is exceeded, the consumer is switched off. Power limiting relays are often equipped with an automatic reset function. That is, after the load is reduced, the operation of the equipment resumes automatically.

Pressure switch

A pressure switch is an important device used in pumping equipment to control pressure differences in water, oil, oil, and air. There are two main types of such devices – electromechanical and electronic.

Electromechanical relays have a special element in their design that responds to changes in pressure in the system - a flexible membrane that bends under the pressure of liquid (air) in the system. It is connected to two springs, one of which is adjusted to the minimum permissible pressure, and the second to the difference between the upper and lower limits of pressure in the system. When the pressure in the system drops below the minimum threshold, the relay turns on the pumping equipment, and when the upper threshold is exceeded, it turns off. These are simple and reliable devices, but not very easy to use. The operator has to regularly check the settings and adjust them if necessary.

Electronic devices have a more complex design. Limits can be set very precisely and are not required to be monitored during operation. Electronic devices are sensitive to water hammer, so they are equipped with small hydraulic tanks (volume - approximately 400 ml). An electronic pressure switch is installed between the pumping equipment and the first water collection point.

Acoustic relays

Acoustic relays respond to changes in acoustic quantities - the frequency of the sound wave, its pressure or the acoustic characteristics of materials - absorption and reflection coefficients. The operating principle can be mechanical or electrical. Mechanical acoustic devices have a membrane that bends under the pressure of sound waves, and when a certain pressure value is reached, the contact closes. Electrical acoustic devices include: a receiving organ (microphone, filter), an amplifier, and an output electrical relay.

Devices that respond to any noise are often used in conjunction with a lighting system. They react to any noise in the room and give a signal to turn on the light. They are usually installed in corridors and staircases. Acoustic relays are also widely used in security systems and “smart” toys.

Gas relays

These devices are used to provide gas protection. They are a metal body embedded in the oil line. The relay is normally filled with oil and its contacts are open. As the gas content increases, they fill the upper part of the relay, simultaneously displacing the oil. The float included in the design lowers as the oil level decreases, rotates around its axis and causes the contacts in the signal circuit to close. The generated signal warns of high gas contamination in the environment.

Legislation

Before practicing installing DRLs, I would like to dwell a little on the legal standards for installing DRLs, as well as the rules of their operation.

The very first and basic rule is that unauthorized installation of additional light signals on a car is prohibited. Yes, you are right, you do not have the right to install DRLs on your car if it was not equipped with them by the manufacturer. This will be considered as making changes to the design of the vehicle. For every change to a vehicle's design, a certificate must be obtained, which in itself is neither quick nor cheap. Otherwise, traffic police officers will issue you a fine, or even take your car to the impound lot.

How so? My neighbor installed DRLs on the Oka and drives calmly! - you ask. He is simply lucky to have loyal traffic police officers who do not pay attention to his DRL - I will answer you.

Once again, unauthorized installation of additional light signals on a car is prohibited if it was not equipped with them by the manufacturer. Therefore, you make any changes to the design of the vehicle at your own peril and risk. It’s a completely different matter if your car’s equipment does not include DRLs, but the more expensive trim levels of your model do have DRLs. In this case, you have the right to install DRL without any approval from the certifying authorities.

The first rule for installing DRLs concerns their location on the car body (see picture). If we briefly describe this figure, we get the following:

• DRLs should be installed at a height of 250 to 1500 mm;
• The distance between adjacent edges of the DRLs must be at least 600 mm;
• The distance from the outer side surface of the vehicle to the nearby edge of the DRL should be no more than 400 mm.

Now let’s briefly go through the rules of operation and use of DRLs:

• DRLs should only be used during daylight hours;
• It is prohibited to use DRLs in conjunction with side lights, low and high beam headlights, as well as fog lights.

Everything that is not prohibited is permitted. It's that simple

Separately, I would like to dwell on an important point, it concerns the use of DRLs in conjunction with high beam headlights. The rule sounds something like this: When the high beam signal is briefly signaled, with the side lights and low beam headlights turned off, the DRLs should not turn off

Let me break it down: you are driving with your headlights and side lights turned off, your DRLs are on, when you signal with your high beams to an oncoming car that you are approaching a traffic police post, your DRLs should not turn off.

Just? I also think that there is nothing complicated here. Knowing the legislation and rules for using DRLs, we are ready to move on to the practice of connecting them. Let's start with the simple and incorrect and end with the complex and correct. Go!

Intermediate relays

“Intermediate” is a relay that plays not a main, but an auxiliary role in the circuit.
Designed for installation in automatic circuits and control circuits. Its functions are to increase the number of contacts of the main relay, when it is necessary to close or open several circuits, close one and simultaneously open another circuit, and perform other tasks. They are used in circuits for amplifying and converting electrical signals, storing information and programming, distributing electrical energy with controlling the operation of individual elements, and interfacing elements of electronic equipment with different principles of operation. Often, intermediate functions are performed by electromagnetic relays, which, depending on the design and area of ​​application, have the following types of contacts:

• Normally open (closing). In the absence of power supply they are in an open state. When voltage is applied, they close.
• Normally closed (opening). In the normal state, such contacts are in a closed state, and when power is supplied, the contacts open.
• Reversible. In such relays, in the absence of voltage, there is a middle contact closed with one of the fixed contacts. When current is applied, the middle contact breaks the connection with the first fixed contact and closes with the second fixed contact.

Opening the trunk using the car alarm key fob

If your car has an electric trunk drive, you can connect to it with a car alarm to open it using the alarm key fob. If the alarm outputs a low-current signal to open the trunk (and most often this is the case), then we use this circuit.

First of all, we find the wire to the trunk drive, where +12 Volt appears when the trunk is opened. Let's cut this wire. We hook up the end of the cut wire that goes to the drive to pin 30. We hook up the other end of the wire to pin 87A. We connect the alarm output to contact 86. We connect contacts 87 and 85 to +12 Volts.

These are just a few wiring diagrams using relays. You can find a few more diagrams using relays on the website in the category trick diagrams and in the section diagrams for connecting to the central lock.

Relay designation on the diagram

Relay designation on a circuit diagram
On electrical diagrams, a relay is designated by a rectangle, from the largest sides of which the power terminals are shown. The functional purpose of the relay is indicated in the diagram by the letters:

• KA – current;
• KV – voltage;
• KB – blocking;
• KBS – blocking against repeated switching on;
• KH – index;
• KL – intermediate;
• KQ – fixing the switch position;
• KSV – voltage circuit control;
• KSP – pressure control;
• KSH – pressure control;
• KSL – liquid level control;
• KSR – speed;
• KSQ – substance composition;
• KW – power;
• KZ – resistance.