Selection of NGK spark plugs for VAZ 2108, 2109, 21099

I decided to change the spark plugs on the car. The choice fell on NGK V - line

.

I don’t know why, but when someone talks about candles, this is the name that comes to mind in my head) That’s why when I decided to change it, I immediately started asking about them. These candles are installed by many, proven ones. So I decided to install them for myself. Before this, the candles were installed BRISK

Quite good spark plugs. The car drove well. I don’t know how long it lasted. But the mileage is a bit much.
20 thousand
I think for sure) In the mornings it started to run rough. Especially at idle. Sometimes when you let off the gas it either started to work poorly or just stalled. I wasn’t very happy with it. It wasn’t very pleasant. As soon as I changed the spark plugs the car seemed to come to life) I’ve been driving for 2 days, but I don’t think about this problem anymore. I think the overclocking has become even better. It starts at the drop of a hat. They don’t give a damn when it’s warm or when it’s hot! It idles perfectly and the dip has disappeared. I still couldn’t get rid of it, but it turns out it’s the spark plugs) Below I copied the text from the topic about these candles. Read it, it might be useful. NGK NGK spark plugs can be easily distinguished from counterfeits by the direction of the electrode. In branded spark plugs from this manufacturer, the electrode is strictly perpendicular to the contact and has an even rod-like appearance; counterfeit spark plugs are distinguished by the uneven thickness of the electrode rod, as well as the curvature of its direction relative to the contact.

Differences between a fake candle and a real one: - Price. Too low a price should be alarming. — Printing quality. Real NGK has impeccable quality of inscriptions and drawings on the packaging (above). The fake one (below) has noticeable errors (the contours of the patterns of different colors are shifted relative to each other). As a result of improper assembly of the sides of the box, inscriptions and drawings may not be centered on the edges. — Central electrode. Take a closer look at it. If it does not have a clear cylindrical shape, is installed crookedly, or has minor defects, it is a fake. — Side electrode. Look at the candle from the side. A real spark plug's electrode is straight, but a fake spark plug's electrode is often crooked or has an oblique edge. — Party code. A real candle has a code on one of the faces of the hexagon indicating the party. The fake one does not have such a mark. - Carving. On a real candle, the thread is knurled, so it has an ideal surface. The fake candle has small chips visible on the edges of the thread. - Sealing ring. It is impossible to remove it on a real candle, but on a fake one you can twist it or even just remove it. — Isolator. For a real candle, the insulator is smooth (as if covered with glaze), but for a fake one it may be rough. A fake spark plug also often shows longitudinal protrusions remaining on the insulator after it is molded due to inaccurate joining of the mold halves. — The inscription on the insulator. For a real candle, it is smooth and neat. I bought it, came home and looked at it, it doesn’t look like a fake (probably a very high quality fake). Let's see how they turn out in practice)))

NGK spark plugs are currently one of the most common. They have mostly good reviews about their work on VAZ engines in recent years. There are standard NGK spark plugs, plugs with a V-shaped center electrode, plugs with a thin, high-strength iridium center electrode, plugs with a platinum center electrode, and plugs with multiple ground electrodes. Some types of NGK spark plugs are suitable for carburetor and injection engines of VAZ 2108, 2109, 21099 cars.

Selection of NGK spark plugs for VAZ 2108, 2109, 21099

NGK spark plugs are currently one of the most common. They have mostly good reviews about their work on VAZ engines in recent years. There are standard NGK spark plugs, plugs with a V-shaped center electrode, plugs with a thin, high-strength iridium center electrode, plugs with a platinum center electrode, and plugs with multiple ground electrodes. Some types of NGK spark plugs are suitable for carburetor and injection engines of VAZ 2108, 2109, 21099 cars.

Selection of NGK spark plugs for carburetor and injection engines of VAZ 2108, 2109, 21099 cars

First, we will select NGK spark plugs for carburetor 8-valve engines of VAZ 2108, 2109, 21099 cars with a contactless ignition system.
These are the following models: VAZ 2108, 2109, 21099 with a 1.1 liter carburetor engine (53 hp);

VAZ 2108, 2109, 21099 with a 1.3 liter carburetor engine (63 hp);

VAZ 2108, 2109, 21099 with a 1.5 liter carburetor engine (72 hp).

Let's see what general requirements apply to spark plugs for the engines of these cars.

The gap between the spark plug electrodes is 0.7 – 0.8 mm

Length of the threaded part – 19 mm

Thermal cone with a central electrode protrudes beyond the spark plug insulator

Presence of noise suppression resistor

List of NGK spark plugs meeting these conditions:

BPR6ES, code 7822

Copper central electrode, one side electrode, noise suppression resistor, gap between electrodes 0.8 mm.

BPR6E V-LINE No. 2, code 2268

Copper V-shaped center electrode, one side electrode, noise suppression resistor, 0.8mm electrode gap.

BPR6EIX, code 6637

Iridium central electrode, one side electrode, noise suppression resistor, gap - 0.8 mm.

BUR6ET V-LINE No. 1, code 2876

Nickel center electrode with V-shaped cutout, three side electrodes, noise suppression resistor, gap - 0.8 mm.

Now we will select NGK spark plugs for the 8-valve injection engine of VAZ 2108, 2109, 21099 cars. This is a VAZ 2111 engine with a distributed injection system. First, let's again look at the general requirements for spark plugs for this engine.

The gap between the spark plug electrodes is 0.9 - 1.1 mm

Length of the threaded part – 19 mm

Thermal cone with a central electrode protrudes beyond the spark plug insulator

List of NGK spark plugs that meet these conditions:

BPR6ES-11 code 4824

Central copper electrode, one side electrode, noise suppression resistor, gap between electrodes 1.1 mm.

BPR6ES-11 V-LINE No. 13, code 5339

A central copper electrode with a V-shaped cutout, one side electrode, an interference suppression resistor, the gap between the electrodes is 1.1 mm.

BPR6EIX-11, code 3903

Iridium central electrode, one side electrode, noise suppression resistor, gap between electrodes - 1.1 mm.

Notes and additions

— Standard spark plugs for 8-valve carburetor engines of VAZ 2108, 2109, 21099 cars - A17DVR, A17DVRM, A17DVRM1, for the injection 8-valve engine 2111 - A17DVRM.

Source

TOP best manufacturers of spark plugs for VAZ

So which SZ for VAZ is better to choose?

Below is a list of the most popular device manufacturers:

  1. ZAZS. VAZ vehicles are equipped with such SZ during production. The manufacturer recommends using ZAZS, citing the fact that these spark plugs are most optimal for domestic engines. However, many car enthusiasts do not trust this manufacturer and install SZ from other brands on their cars.
  2. Beru. In particular, we are talking about the 14FR-7DU model. The main feature of such SZ is the use of a copper central electrode in the design, which has a nickel shell. Thanks to this, the SZ of this model is more resistant to corrosion and wear. The skirt is made in a conical shape, thanks to which the device quickly switches to self-cleaning mode. In addition, the spark power in these fire protection systems is quite high; accordingly, the combustible mixture will burn most efficiently.
  3. Champion, namely the RC9YC model. If you believe the manufacturer, then such SZ have lower performance in terms of gasoline consumption. In addition, they are more stable, and their power when operating at higher engine speeds is higher.
  4. NGK is one of the brands that supplies the highest quality products to the domestic market. The nickel model BCPR6ES-11 is currently considered one of the most affordable options. A power unit with such devices will operate more steadily. And when the driver presses the gas pedal, the engine can operate 4% more powerful than with traditional SZ. Separately, we should highlight the iridium spark plugs on the VAZ. If you decide to purchase iridium spark plugs at VAZ, you will be faced with a large assortment of models. They differ from each other both in cost and in characteristics. It should be noted that iridium spark plugs on VAZ have a longer service life. Depending on the model, iridium spark plugs on a VAZ can last up to 100 thousand kilometers or even more. Of course, such advantages also affect the cost of SZ as a whole. Iridium spark plugs on VAZ have an iridium electrode, which makes the spark even more powerful.
  5. Denso Q20TT. Such devices have a thinner electrode, for the manufacture of which precious metals are not used. Accordingly, this has a positive effect on the price of SZ. As practice shows, when using such devices, the engine power will be higher, its dynamics will increase, and fuel consumption can be reduced. Of course, we are talking about a normally running engine.
  6. Czech-made devices Brisk DR15YC are equipped with a copper core, as well as a longer electrode insulator, thanks to which the SZ can more quickly switch to self-cleaning mode. Accordingly, the use of these models is more relevant for vehicles that are used in urban environments. As for the replacement interval, in this case it largely depends on the quality of the fuel.
  7. Bosch FR7DCU. Such SZ are equipped with a copper core mounted to a chromium-nickel shell. Accordingly, this enables the electrode to be more resistant to erosion or corrosion. Thanks to the use of nickel plating, the likelihood of thread sticking is minimized.
  8. Finwhale F516. The body of this model is characterized by galvanic coating and is made of ductile steel. In addition, this model has good electrical insulation, as a result of which heat conductivity will be higher, which is ensured by the high content of aluminum oxide on the insulator.

Denso spark plugs for VAZ 2108, 2109, 21099 engines

Denso is a Japanese company that produces various components for cars of different brands. In particular, very good spark plugs for car engines. We will select spark plugs produced by Denso for the carburetor and injection engines of front-wheel drive VAZ 2108, 2109, 21099 cars.

General requirements for spark plugs for carburetor engines of VAZ 2108, 2109, 21099 cars (1.1, 1.3, 1.5 l engines) with a contactless ignition system

The gap between the spark plug electrodes is 0.7-0.8 mm

The length of the threaded part is 19 mm

Thermal cone with a central electrode protrudes beyond the spark plug insulator

Denso spark plugs meeting these conditions

W20EPR-U , index 3047 (D2)

Conventional single-electrode spark plug. Nickel central electrode. Interelectrode gap 0.8 mm. With noise suppression resistor. U-shaped notch on the electrode.

W20TT , index 4602(#4)

Single electrode spark plug. Interelectrode gap 0.8 mm. Nickel alloy central electrode. With noise suppression resistor. The manufacturer claims a longer service life of the spark plugs (30-40 thousand km) since it uses Twin Tip technology to improve spark formation - the central and side electrodes are reduced in diameter.

Denso iridium spark plugs with an interelectrode gap of 1.1 mm are also suitable for carburetor engines VAZ 2108, 2109, 21099.

IW20 , index 5306 (#4)

Single electrode spark plug. Iridium thin central electrode. Interelectrode gap 1.1 mm. Noise suppression resistor.

IW20TT , index 4709 (#4)

Single electrode spark plug. The central electrode is iridium, platinum (platinum needle). Interelectrode gap 1.0 mm. Twin Tip technology for improving spark generation has been applied. Noise suppression resistor.

General requirements for spark plugs for the injection 8-valve engine (2111) of VAZ 2108, 2109, 21099 cars

The gap between the spark plug electrodes is 1.0-1.1 mm

The length of the threaded part is 19 mm

Thermal cone with a central electrode protrudes beyond the spark plug insulator

Presence of noise suppression resistor

Denso spark plugs meeting these conditions

W20EPR-U11 , index 3049 (D13)

Single electrode spark plug. Nickel center electrode. Interelectrode gap 1.1 mm. Noise suppression resistor.

W20TT , index 4602(#4)

Single electrode spark plug. The interelectrode gap is 0.8 mm (despite the small gap, it is still recommended for the 2111 engine). Nickel alloy central electrode. With noise suppression resistor. The manufacturer claims a longer service life of the spark plugs (30-40 thousand km) since it uses Twin Tip technology to improve spark formation - the central and side electrodes are reduced in diameter.

IW20 , index 5306 (#4)

Single electrode spark plug. Iridium thin central electrode. Interelectrode gap 1.1 mm. Noise suppression resistor.

IW20TT , index 4709 (#4)

Single electrode spark plug. The central electrode is iridium, platinum (platinum needle). Interelectrode gap 1.0 mm. Twin Tip technology for improving spark generation has been applied. Noise suppression resistor.

Source

Spark plugs for VAZ 2106, 2107, 2108, 2109

VAZ 2106, 2107, 2108 and 2109 cars are very similar to each other in their design and engines. However, they were produced with both an injector and a carburetor, so when choosing spark plugs you need to focus on the fuel system and ignition option (contact or non-contact). The manufacturer of original spark plugs for all of the above cars is the Russian company “E3”, Engels.

According to the rating of spark plugs for the VAZ 2106 on PartReview dated 05/07/20, owners prefer NGK products. Manufacturers BRISK, Denso and Finwhale also stand out.

Checking and installing spark plug gaps in VAZ 2109 – 21099

Almost all spark plugs produced today have a factory-set gap between the electrodes. It is different for each manufacturer. It is also different for spark plugs for carburetor engines with contact and non-contact ignition systems, and for spark plugs for injection engines.

For example, the gaps between the electrodes of spark plugs for VAZ 2109 carburetor engines vary between 0.5-0.7 mm for a contact ignition system, 0.7-0.9 mm for a non-contact ignition system.

Moreover, it is recommended to make the gap smaller by 1 mm in winter, and larger by 1 mm in summer. In this way, improved engine starting and stability of its operation at different atmospheric temperatures are achieved.

It is believed that prolonged cranking of the engine with the starter at low ambient temperatures can discharge even a new battery so much that its voltage is not enough to form a spark if the gap between the electrodes is too large or normal. At the same time, increasing the gap creates additional load on the ignition coil.

For VAZ 2109 injection engines, the gap is in the range of 0.9-1.1 mm. There are no recommendations for changing the gap size for different seasons.

“Hot” and “cold” or what is the heat rating

What you need to know about the marking of spark plugs and which ones to put on a VAZ-2107 For classic VAZ models with contact ignition

For models with contactless protection

How to choose high-voltage wires

A mistake in choosing spark plugs can “kill” the engine. Spark plugs can affect fuel consumption. There are “incompatible” spark plugs and high-voltage wires. In this article, we'll look at what you really need to know and consider if you service your car yourself. After all, this small device, which looks so simple, is in fact a complex and high-tech product with strictly adjusted dimensions, made from materials specially designed for candles.

Spark plugs for VAZ 2106, 2107, 2108 and 2109 – which ones to install?

The technical characteristics of spark plugs for engines of cars 2106/2107/2108/2109 differed from the fuel supply system to the combustion chamber. On VAZ 2106 and 2107 with carburetors and a contact ignition system, spark plugs with article number 21010-3707010-86 are provided from the factory. For carburetor 2106/2107/2108/2109 but with contactless ignition, spark plugs with article numbers 2108-3707010-86 or 21080-3707010-86 were installed. But in fact it is the same spare part. They are interchangeable. But on injection cars of this series, the spark plugs were somewhat different.

With injection engines on VAZ 2107, 2108 and 2109, spark plugs with article numbers 21110-3707010-86, 21110-3707010-00 or 2111-3707010 were installed. The main difference between spark plugs on injection and carburetor engines is the gap size. Otherwise, all these are ordinary nickel single-pin spark plugs with a heat rating of 17 and a tightening torque of 22 Nm.

If we talk about the rating of spark plugs for the VAZ 2107 on PartReview, owners prefer Bosch products. Manufacturers BRISK, Denso and NGK also stand out.

The rating of spark plugs on PartReview for VAZ (Lada) 2108/2109 says the following, owners buy the following brands BRISK, Finwhale, Champion and Denso.

Read more about the sizes of original spark plugs in the table.

vendor codeEngineThread / thread length, mmKey sizeGap, mmHeat number*Center electrode material
21110-3707010-86, 21110-3707010-00, 2111-3707010Injection 1.5, 1.6, 1.7M14×1.25 / 1921117Nickel
21010-3707010-86, 2108-3707010-86, 21080-3707010-86Carburetor 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6M14×1.25 / 19160.717Nickel

*According to Champion nomenclature (Russian standard)

Also, original candles can be found directly from the manufacturer, the Engels plant. The article number of spark plugs for injection engines is A17DVRM, for carburetor engines there are several options - A17DVR, A17DV-10, A17DVM.

The most well-known and frequently used substitutes from other manufacturers are presented below in the list.

Manufacturervendor codePrice, rub (for 1 piece)
Analogues for injectors
Bosch0242235663100
DensoW20EPR-U100
Analogues for carburetors
NGKBPR6ES140
DensoW20EPU80

Sometimes, even though these are old and super-budget cars, their owners install iridium DENSO IW20TT, price - 610 rubles / piece, or platinum Bosch 0242235540 at a price of 200 rubles / piece. Both models are equally suitable for injectors and carburetors. But nevertheless, this is a little justified waste.

When to change spark plugs on VAZ 2106, 2107, 2108 and 2109?

According to VAZ 2106/2107/2108/2109 maintenance regulations, spark plugs must be changed every 30 thousand km, that is, after one maintenance. But, in fact, their actual lines are half as large, and usually drivers change them at every maintenance service, every 15 thousand km.

Source

Checking the gap between the spark plug electrodes

When installing new spark plugs on an engine or checking old ones, it is necessary to measure the gap between their electrodes. Old spark plugs should be cleaned of carbon deposits. The check is carried out with a round probe of the required diameter.

When checking and replacing spark plugs, be careful - if the engine is hot, you can get burned.

Measuring with a flat probe will be inaccurate, since there is almost always a small indentation on the side electrode of the spark plug due to metal transfer to the central electrode. This is especially true for candles that have already worked for some time.

Advice on choosing candles and how to spot a fake

“Which plugs ?” It was not necessary, because only the internal one was on sale and the only model that was on the car. Now store shelves are filled with a huge selection of candles from all foreign manufacturers. This naturally gave impetus to scammers to falsify them, the price does not correspond to the quality, so pay attention to the following:

  • In order not to succumb to counterfeiting, pay attention first to the packaging, the quality of printing from branded manufacturers is excellent, and for counterfeiting the contours of the drawings
  • If packaging is not available at all, then further verification makes no sense; marking candles without packaging are not produced
  • Next we'll look at the spark plugs themselves.
  • Their central electrode must have an absolute cylindrical shape and the surface of the electrode must be smooth
  • When there are defects on the electrode, or the electrode itself is installed crookedly. you know, this is a 100% fake
  • In the case of a fake candle, the sides are crooked and have slanted faces. The thread of branded candles is produced using knurling, it is absolutely absolutely smooth
  • The fake has small chips because it is produced by cutting
  • O-ring cannot be removed from patented spark plug
  • On a fake candle, this ring is either unscrewed with a thread or simply removed
  • The insulator of the branded candle is shiny and absolutely smooth
  • Counterfeits often show longitudinal seams due to inaccurately knitted shapes
  • In addition, the inscription on the brand's spark plug insulator is always clear, smooth and precise
  • And the last sign. real brand candles cannot be cheap
  • Let the low price warn you

This is done with candles, see additional video.

LADA spark plugs: top 10 options

The rating contains 10 modifications of spark plugs, without division into specific car models.

10th place: ZZ A17 DVRM

The list of the best offers opens with an effective model that is in demand among a large number of buyers. Such prevalence is ensured by the stable quality of products. In the original packaging it is impossible to find a defective part or a spark plug with a broken gap. A significant advantage of the products is the ability to work actively even when the voltage drops to 6V in the on-board network. Similar spark plugs in the VAZ 2107 are often found due to their moderate cost.

The indicators are overshadowed by bad statistics - as of 2020, 35% of the kits on the market are fakes, which forces motorists to carefully select products in stores.

  • reasonable price;
  • durable;
  • simple design.

Which spark plugs for VAZ are better to choose?

There are a large number of different modifications of the part, which complicates life for motorists. The problem is that each motor is designed for a specific type of spark plug. If you supply the wrong part, a number of negative consequences can arise.

  1. Misfire of the mixture due to the gap between the electrodes of the element being too wide.
  2. Interruptions in the operation of the internal combustion engine caused by too low spark power.
  3. Instant failure of the device due to too much electrode protrusion.

Also, depending on the inconsistencies present, other malfunctions may “pop up” that reduce the comfort of using the car.

What to look for when choosing.

Specialists from the AvtoVAZ plant recommend selecting spark plugs according to a number of parameters.

  1. Heat number. The parameter characterizes the rate of heat removal from the working part of the candle. At the same time, the electrode transfers excess heat to the spark plug skirt in a timely manner, which ensures stable operation of the part. If energy is removed too quickly, scale forms on the working part of the part, which prevents normal spark breakdown. If the withdrawal is too slow, the thin electrode overheats. The process provokes the formation of glow ignition. This prevents the engine from operating normally due to detonation of the mixture or its early ignition. Under normal thermal conditions, a spark adequately breaks through the spark plugs and does not form excessive carbon deposits.
  2. Spark gap. Some users know that for the engine to operate correctly, the spark gap on the spark plugs must be maintained. The working gap on VAZ spark plugs is strictly set by the manufacturer of the power plant and is necessary due to the fact that the formed electric arc has a certain strength. As the distance increases, the spark loses stability, which can lead to misfires. In the opposite case, easier starting of the engine is ensured, but when the gas is released, the electric arc current may not be enough. This is justified by the fact that each ignition coil has a certain transformation ratio, usually equal to 2000 units. This means that during the start-up of the internal combustion engine, the elements produce up to 14 kW, and during normal operation it is already 24. Consequently, failure to comply with this parameter can lead to serious disruptions in the operation of the motor.
  3. Departure of the working part of the electrodes. The parameter is critical for adequate operation of the power plant. The spark plugs on the VAZ 8-valve injector, as well as for carburetor models, have electrodes strongly pushed forward. This is due to the fact that the structural parts are located in the corner of the combustion chamber, where there is no adequate ventilation. The overhang of the working part allows for better ignition of the mixture and stabilizes engine operation. If the spark plugs are mounted in a multi-valve engine, where the inserts are located in the center of the valve head, it is recommended to install spark plugs with a deep-set core - this will prevent damage to the electrodes by the piston bottom and an abundance of carbon deposits on the structural elements.
  4. Number of electrodes. Initially, manufacturers position this parameter as a definite plus. When one electrode “burns out,” the spark plug switches to another, which significantly increases its service life. However, not everything is as simple as it seems at first glance. If the mixture is sprayed unevenly in the cylinder (poor ventilation of the combustion chamber), and at this moment the spark jumps to the shadowed part (the place where the exhaust remains), misfire may occur, which will lead to unstable operation of the power plant. Additionally, this fact increases the wear of the catalyst and engine oil, which is critical for VAZ cars.
  5. Manufacturer. The manufacturer of the product is also an important parameter. Users recommend buying from trusted brands that have been on the market for a long time. The cost of such candles will be significant, but with proper selection and operation they will work for a long time and without significant complaints.

Notes and additions

— For spark plugs for carburetor engines with a contact ignition system for VAZ 2101, 2102, 2103, 2104, 2105, 2106, 2107 cars, the recommended gap between the electrodes of the spark plugs is 0.5-0.7 mm, for VAZ 2108, 2109, 21099, 2105, 2107 with a contactless ignition system 0.7-0.9 mm.

For injection engines of VAZ 2107, 2108, 2109, 21099 cars 1.0-1.1 mm.

An incorrectly set gap between the electrodes of the spark plugs leads to problems with starting the engine, unstable engine idle speed, jerking when starting and driving, “dips,” loss of power and throttle response, and an increase in the engine’s fuel appetite. Normal engine operation can only be ensured by a spark plug with a gap specific for a given engine type.

Regularly check the reliability of the connections of the high-voltage wires with the spark plugs, coil and ignition distributor.

With a smaller gap, the spark will be short and weak, combustion of the fuel mixture worsens, with a large gap, the voltage required to break through the air gap between the electrodes of the spark plug increases. In this case, there may be no spark at all.

There is no need to set the gap on multi-electrode spark plugs.

Reasons for replacing elements

The spark plug in any car must function in difficult conditions, solving the following problems:

  • promptly ignite the air-fuel mixture compressed in the cylinder;
  • provide an even and powerful spark discharge on its contacts;
  • sparking should not deteriorate under any engine operating mode.

For ignorant car enthusiasts, checking spark plugs comes down to a “spark” test. This gives rise to an erroneous statement: if, when connected to a source, a spark jumps between the contacts, then the element is in good working order.

But the conditions inside the combustion chamber differ from normal atmospheric ones, since there is high pressure (over 10 Bar), and instead of air there is fuel plus high temperature. Often, a spark plug that produces a reliable spark discharge in air, in the cylinder, works with misfires or does not spark at all.

Checking and replacing spark plugs VAZ-2109

You will need: a spark plug wrench, a round dipstick.

Replacement frequency: After 30,000 km.

Before starting work:

Disconnect the wire from the “─” terminal of the battery.

Spark plug type: A17DVR, A17DVRM, FE65PR, FE65CPR. Until 1988, spark plugs of types A17DV and FE65P were installed on the VAZ-2109.

We recommend replacing spark plugs every 30,000 km, even if they are still in working order: old spark plugs can increase fuel consumption.

Rating
( 2 ratings, average 4.5 out of 5 )
Did you like the article? Share with friends:
For any suggestions regarding the site: [email protected]
Для любых предложений по сайту: [email protected]