Surely everyone knows what an engine is in a car.
but today’s article is devoted to a specific unit, about which we will try to tell from “A” to “Z.” The end of the last century and the beginning of a new one became a period of heightened interest in MPI gasoline engines. The decoding of this abbreviation sounds like Multi Point Injection. The extraordinary fuel injection scheme created a good demand for cars with such engines. This scheme was created according to the multipoint principle.
Due to separate injectors in each cylinder, the distribution of fuel in the cylinders is as uniform as possible. This design development, namely the release of engines with multipoint injection, was undertaken by Volkswagen. Due to which MPI engines subsequently appeared.
The emergence of such power plants provided an alternative to carburetor engines. To more accurately understand the MPI engine, you need to carefully analyze its competitive features.
Modernity of Multi Point Injection engines
There is no future for MPI engines, as it looked a few years ago; many even believed that the production of engines of this type had been suspended. The radical development of automotive developments and technologies very quickly forces us not to remember yesterday’s quality benchmarks.
In fact, this is what happens with MPI engines, many in the industry argue that efficiency and environmental friendliness are outdated.
But these conclusions are largely true only for European markets, and as for Russian markets, here all this looks partial. Since the real potential of these units has not yet been fully revealed by domestic motorists.
Manufacturers who rely on foresight do not let this technology die and are constantly introducing it into cars intended for Russian roads. For example, on a Skoda Yeti or Volkswagen Polo. The most memorable were representatives of the MPI system with engines whose volume was 1.4 or 1.6 liters.
Where is it implemented?
Now you understand a little about what an MPI engine is. For the first time, such technology was successfully introduced into the Polo model. Later, the Golf and Jetta also received such engines.
Let us note that such engines are obsolete from the Volkswagen engine range. However, they are practical and trouble-free. Many experts argue that today such power plants do not meet modern standards of efficiency and ecology. In addition, quite recently one could say that the manufacturer stopped producing such motors. The last car to receive an MPI engine is the Skoda Octavia of the second series.
However, the technology has recently been revived and has become in demand. In the fall of 2015, the concern launched a production line for these engines at the Kaluga plant, where they began producing motors of the EA211 series.
Design features of the MPI engine
The absolute absence of a turbocharger is another significant distinguishing feature of this system, along with a multipoint injection system. The design of these engines contains a conventional fuel pump, which, under a pressure of 3 atmospheres, supplies fuel to the intake manifold for subsequent mixture formation and supply of the finished mixture through the intake valve.
This operating scheme is very similar to the operating scheme of carburetor engines. With one difference, there is a separate injector on each cylinder.
Another unusual feature of the engine's Multi Point Injection system is the presence of a water cooling circuit for the fuel mixture. This is explained by the fact that the temperature in the cylinder head area is very high, and the pressure of the incoming fuel is very low, because of this there is a high probability of a gas-air plug and, consequently, boiling.
First steps.
An MPI program is a set of parallel interacting processes that each work in their own allocated memory area. Essentially, these are N independent programs that communicate with each other during operation. In MPI, most data types are already redefined and begin with the abbreviation MPI_[Name] , this will be clear later.
To understand what happens next, you need to define several terms:
A communicator is an object through which a certain group of generated processes communicates. In C++/C this is the MPI_Comm . A communicator can unite several processes by passing messages between them, while there can be several communicators; the groups they form can either not intersect or partially intersect. When the program starts, all processes work under a single communicator named MPI_COMM_WORLD . In addition to it, there are also communicators MPI_COMM_SELF , MPI_COMM_NULL , which contain only the current process and no processes, respectively.
A message is a set of data of some type that is transmitted during process communication. Each message has several attributes, such as the sending process number, the recipient process number, the message ID, the communicator, and the tag.
Message tag is a non-negative integer from 0 to 32767 (Depending on implementation. The maximum possible tag value is stored in the MPI_TAG_UB ).
In this example, we will not use data transfer, but will only familiarize ourselves with the basics of MPI procedures. To be able to use most MPI procedures, any program should have the following procedures:
int MPI_Init(int *argc, char ***argv); int MPI_Finalize(void);
The first procedure is intended to initialize the parallel part of the program; all other procedures, except for some special ones, can be called only after calling the MPI_Init procedure; this function accepts command line arguments, through which the system can pass some launch parameters to the process. The second procedure is intended to complete the parallel part of the program.
In order to check the operation of the program, we implement the most primitive program in C++ using MPI.
#include #include "mpi.h" int main(int argc, char **argv) { printf("Before MPI_INIT\n"); MPI_Init(&argc, &argv); printf("Parallel sect\n"); MPI_Finalize(); printf("After MPI_FINALIZE\n"); return 0; }
To run this program, let’s save our entry in a file with any name and extension *.cpp , then perform the following actions in the console (In my case, the code is in the main.cpp file):
[user-name]$ mpic++ main.cpp -o main [user-name]$ mpiexec -n 2 ./main
The first command will compile our MPI program, and the second command allows us to run it. Note that we are passing the -n 2 parameters on the second line, why is this necessary? Thus, we inform the executor that 2 parallel processes need to be launched.
The program will simply print a few lines depending on the number of processes you specify. Do not be alarmed if the lines “Before …” and “After …” are displayed more than once; depending on the MPI implementation, the program can work in parallel and outside the Init-Finalize procedures.
Characteristic advantages of MPI
Before switching to a car with MPI, many motorists who are more or less familiar with this system will think very hard about getting the set of advantages due to which multi-point injection units have earned a calling in the world.
Simplicity of the device
This does not mean that such systems are simpler compared to carburetor models. If we compare the TSI model, which has a fuel injection pump and turbochargers in its design, then naturally the superiority is obvious. And the cost of the car will be lower and reduced operating costs and the ability to carry out independent repairs.
Undemanding requests for fuel quality
It is not possible to guarantee the proper quality of fuel and oils everywhere and always, which is very typical for Russia. The use of low-Actane gasoline below 92 does not affect the performance of MPI engines, since they are very unpretentious. The minimum mileage of cars without breakdowns, according to the developers, is 300,000 km, subject to timely replacement of oil and filter elements.
Minimum probability of overheating
The ignition timing is adjustable. The presence of an engine support system, which is designed to use rubber mounts. Of course, this is not directly related to the engine, but it still matters for the performance of the engine and the comfort of the driver.
Because the supports dampen vibrations and various noises that arise when driving. An interesting feature is that the supports are automatically adjusted to different engine operating modes.
Advantages
MPI engines boast unpretentiousness to the fuel used and operate efficiently on 92-octane gasoline. Also, the design of such an engine is very durable, and its mileage without any intervention or repair averages 300 thousand kilometers. Of course, it is necessary to change filters and oil on time. The Skoda Octavia 1.6 MPI engine (and other car models) is characterized by a simple design, and in case of any breakdown it can be inexpensively repaired at a service station. In this case, the design feature of such engines compares favorably with more complex TSI engines with high-pressure pumps and turbochargers. MPI motors also overheat less.
The last more or less relevant plus is the rubber supports located under the engine. They help reduce noise and vibration while driving.
Characteristic disadvantages of MPI
All the shortcomings of this engine are expressed precisely by its design features. The connection of fuel with air occurs in the channels, and not directly in the cylinders. Accordingly, there is a limitation in the capabilities of the intake system. This is expressed in a lack of power and rather weak torque.
Based on this, decent dynamics, sporty throttle response, and hot drive are not obtained. In modern cars, the presence of eight valves is usually not enough, so all these characteristics are increased. If we characterize this car with such a system, then it can easily pass for a family and quiet vehicle.
That is why such cars have ceased to be in demand and are becoming a thing of the past. Why does this happen, i.e. The world assessed the qualities of this system and decided that this was not enough for it, and the designers and developers began to design more modern motors in terms of power. But no, there are unexpected surprises in the automotive industry.
Skoda developers, having developed the Russian version of the Yeti SUV for family use, in 2014 deliberately abandoned the 1.2 turbocharged engine in favor of the 1.6 MPI engine with a power of 110 hp.
As stated by the developers of the famous global concern, this engine has practically nothing in common compared to the old model with a power of 105 hp. It is most suitable for TSI models, but lacks direct injection and turbocharging.
Minuses
If you believe the reviews, MPI engines are less dynamic, and there is an explanation for this. Due to the fact that gasoline is mixed with air in the exhaust ports (before it is supplied to the cylinders), these engines are limited. Also, the eight-valve system with a timing belt makes it clear that the engine lacks power. Therefore, such engines are not designed for quick start and acceleration.
The second disadvantage is uneconomical. Multipoint injection is inferior in efficiency and economy to supercharging with direct fuel injection into the cylinders. As mentioned above, this technology is implemented in TSI engines.
Summarizing
The departure of engines from the world market with the MPI system is significantly influenced by all of the above indicators. Nowadays, many car enthusiasts prefer more powerful modern cars, the pace of which is steadily increasing.
The need to equip vehicles with more powerful units significantly underestimates the demand factor for Multi Point Injection engines. Compared to them, this motor is rather weak. But it’s still too early to completely write off the MPI engine, since the Skoda Yeti developers are trying to use it to its fullest on Russian roads.
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Direct injection
Appeared not so long ago, in the 80s - 90s of the last century. Such brands as MERCEDES, VOLKSWAGEN, BMW, etc. were actively involved in development.
Abbreviation GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) - injection directly into the combustion chamber
Injection occurs according to the phased type principle, that is, each nozzle is controlled separately. Often they are attached to a high-pressure rail (something like COMMON RAIL), but there are also separate elements, the fuel is suitable for each separately.
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The timing drive of the Rio 1.4 is chain and very reliable. It does not cause any particular difficulties even with long-term use. But the Rio engine does not have hydraulic compensators. The procedure for adjusting the valves involves replacing the pushrods that sit between the valves and the camshaft cams. It is better to carry out such adjustments in serious technical centers or official dealers.
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- Piston stroke - 75 mm
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- Timing drive - chain
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- Acceleration to the first hundred - 11.5 seconds (with automatic transmission 13.5 seconds)
- Fuel consumption in the city - 7.6 liters (with automatic transmission 8.5 liters)
- Fuel consumption in the combined cycle - 5.9 liters (with automatic transmission 7.2 liters)
- Fuel consumption on the highway - 4.9 liters (with automatic transmission 6.4 liters)
It is already known for sure that the next generation of Kia Rio will receive a new naturally aspirated 1.4 liter engine from the Kappa D-CVVT series. A more modern and environmentally friendly engine will delight you with low fuel consumption, although the rated power will be several horsepower less. The new Hyundai Solaris 1.4 has already received the same engine, as we have already written about.
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